Meltdown 101: How tech companies are taking a hit

The economic recession is hurting every industry, and technology is no exception -- big names like Microsoft Corp., Intel Corp. and Dell Inc. have had layoffs as they try to cut costs and stay competitive amid declining sales.

But the effects of the meltdown haven't been spread evenly across the sector -- even within companies, sales of certain products may fall while others are more resilient. It seems that the health of tech companies has a lot to do with what they sell, and who their customers are.

"It's definitely a mixed and complicated picture here," Forrester Research analyst Andy Bartels said.

Here are some questions and answers about how the tech industry is weathering the financial crisis.

Q: How is this recession different for tech companies than the last one?

A: The 2001 recession stemmed in large part from the bursting of the tech industry bubble. This time around, the industry has been caught up in the downturn but is not a major cause ? areas like housing and banking are taking much of the blame.

Another difference: Nowadays, products like MP3 players and cell phones are more integrated than ever into consumers' everyday lives, and software and computers are increasingly intertwined with companies' operating needs.

Q: How are companies that sell things like cell phones and computers being affected thus far?

A: Retail sales, both on and off the Web, have been slowing as consumers put off buying new things ? electronics included. According to The NPD Group, U.S. holiday sales of electronics and computers dropped 5.7 percent compared with last year.

This drop-off in spending hurt companies from Intel, which is seeing less demand for its computer chips as PC sales drop, to Nokia Corp., which said the number of cell phones it shipped during the fourth quarter dropped 15 percent from the year-ago quarter.

Bartels said that hardware companies ? particularly PC and server makers ? are generally doing badly because businesses see their products as expenses they can hold off on while times are tough. He thinks cell phones could sell better than PCs simply because they are cheaper.

Q: What about companies that sell a lot of products and services to other businesses?

A: A lot of companies are taking a closer look at how much they spend to upgrade computers and software. But while they may be aping consumers by holding off on PC purchases, deals for software and services are often set in stone because of pre-negotiated annual contracts.

Bartels said that software sales - 90 percent of which are to businesses - are "holding up relatively well" thus far.

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