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According to Wiki, it is “widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.” This is another way of saying “not me”, so I know little about it, Here is the site though, that has more information: http://www.r-project.org/ 

I have a nice 22” Samsung monitor...well, it WAS nice, when it worked properly. I am pretty certain it is the power supply (turns on, then turns off after a few seconds), but I haven’t confirmed that yet. How hard is it to replace a power supply, and is it worth it? Mine is out of warranty, so it’s up to me.

There are quite a few potential weaknesses. NIST's National Vulnurability Database has 83 listed when I just checked. Go the the website, search for bluetooth to see for yourself.

Some companies are better than others. The EFF has an annual list of "Who has your Back" that lays out how major companies deal with government data request, including legal actions and lobbying efforts.

I know the, "tell him not to use it then" advice, but teenagers being teenagers, that simply isn't realistic, and he needs to be able to reach us because of his participation in many after school activities, so taking it away isn't a good choice either.

I think QuickOffice is pretty good. It handles Word docs fine, and you can access password protected Word docs. I would rather have Office, but QuickOffice works well enough for most things I would do on a tablet. 

OpenDNS is the easiest way to do it. It's a router based solution, so it will cover your entire network. You have to pay $20 for a year for the "premium" version, but there is a free version as well so you can give it a try first. 

It may be cold comfort, but at least you are not the only person experiencing this. The only advice that I've seen is to clear your cache and cookies, which sounds like the kind of thing tech support says when they don't have a clue.  https://productforums.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/chrome/MTinTo-sPFU

There are a  lot of notepad type apps out there, and pretty much all of them will do the trick. I like Floating Stickies (free - Google Play) because it's (1) free, (2) simple, (3) is only 293k, and (4) let's me put a persistent "sticky note" anywhere I want on my display.

If you are going to build a gaming machine, I suggest you use 3DMark and PCMark 7. They aren't free though - 3DMark costs ~ $25 and PCMark 7 is ~$40. www.futuremark.com

You can use photoshop and do it pretty easily, or you can upload a short vid clip to a few different websites that will create a GIF from your clip while you take a sip of coffee. Gifninja is my favorite, and it allows you to stitch together multiple images to make a GIF as well.